Batteries come in many different chemistries, sizes, shapes and voltages. Household batteries fall into two main product categories:
- Primary or single-use batteries like alkaline or silver oxide button cell batteries, and
- Rechargeable batteries like lithium ion and nickel metal hybrid batteries.
Used batteries present a unique challenge because when not handled appropriately, they can catch fire or explode, causing damage and endangering the lives of waste workers. Batteries contain valuable materials such as zinc, manganese, and steel which can be recovered during the recycling process. Extended producer responsibility (EPR) serves as a means to manage used batteries responsibly and alleviate the serious issues associated with batteries at the end of life.
In 2014, Vermont enacted the nation’s first single-use household battery EPR law. In its first year of implementation, Vermont increased collection of both single-use and rechargeable batteries by more than 180%. In 2024, New Jersey enacted the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Management Act, becoming the first state to include electric and hybrid vehicle propulsion batteries in its battery EPR program.
Programs
Washington Battery Stewardship
In 2023, Washington passed SB 5144, providing for responsible environmental management of batteries, requiring producers of covered batteries and battery-containing products to participate in a stewardship organization that plans and provides for battery collection and end-of-life management. The law requires producers to create a statewide collection system for portable batteries by 2027 and medium format batteries by 2029. The law also required the Washington Department of Ecology to research the management of electric vehicle batteries and submit a legislative report to the Washington State Legislature. The report, Electric Vehicle (EV) Battery Management Study Final Report, was submitted to the legislature in May 2024.
Resources
About NWPSC
The Northwest Product Stewardship Council (NWPSC) is a coalition of government organizations in Washington and Oregon that work together to develop and improve Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies and programs